Duelo Complicado, Experiencias Perceptuales Inusuales y Esperanza en la Viudez
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El objetivo general de este estudio es evaluar el duelo en viudas religiosas y la esperanza, y la frecuencia de experiencias perceptuales inusuales después de la muerte del cónyuge. Se hipotetiza que (H1) las viudas religiosas experimentarán menor grado de duelo complicado, (H2) mayor esperanza y (H3) mayor frecuencia de experiencias perceptuales inusuales que las viudas no religiosas. Se administraron tres instrumentos, el Inventario de Duelo Complicado, la Escala de Esperanza, y el Cuestionario de Alucinaciones a una muestra integrada por viudas religiosas y un grupo control (viudas no religiosas). Los resultados mostraron que las viudas religiosas experimentaban menos duelo complicado que las viudas no religiosas, y menos sentimientos de pesimismo en torno a la muerte del ser querido. Las viudas religiosas que mostraron mayor sentimiento de esperanza, en comparación con las no religiosas, tendieron a menos indicadores de duelo complicado. Además, aquellas viudas religiosas que mostraban sentimientos asociados al recuerdo del difunto tendían, por ejemplo, a oír voces y oler perfumes. Es posible que estas ocurrencias puedan incluso ser funcionales y adaptativas para afrontar los sentimientos negativos del duelo y la pérdida, en lugar de resultar un mecanismo de déficit de recursos para lidiar contra el dolor y la desesperanza.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los derechos de autor de los artículos publicados en Psicología: Teoría y Practica pertenecen a los autores, quienes otorgan a la Universidad Presbiteriana Mackenzie los derechos no exclusivos para publicar el contenido.
Citas
American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-V. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Quinta Edición. Barcelona: Masson.
Arnau, R., Rosen, D., Finch, J., Rhudy, J., & Fortunato, V. (2007). Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Personality, 75(1), 43–63.
Badcock, J. C., Dehon, H., & Laroi, F. (2017). Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research. Frontiers of. Psychology, 8, 1134–1139.
Baethge, C. (2002). Grief hallucinations: True or pseudo? Serious or not. Psychopathology, 35(5), 296–302.
Baumeister, D., Sedgwick, O., Howes, O., & Peters, E. (2017). Auditory verbal hallucinations and continuum models of psychosis: A systematic review of the healthy voice-hearer literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 125–141.
Beischel, J., Mosher, C., & Boccuzzi, M. (2014-2015). The possible effects on bereavement of assisted afterdeath communication during readings with psychic mediums: A continuing bonds perspective. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 70, 169194.
Bennett, G., & Bennett, K. M. (2000). The presence of the dead: An empirical study. Mortality, 5(2), 139–157.
Boelen, P. A., & Hoijtink, H. (2009). An item response theory analysis of a measure of complicated grief. Death Studies, 33(2), 101–129.
Carlsson, M. E., & Nilsson, I. M. (2007). Bereaved spouses’ adjustment after the patients’ death in palliative care. Palliative Support Care, 5(4), 397–404.
Caserta, M. S., & Lund, D. A. (2007). Toward the development of an inventory of daily widowed life (IDWL): Guided by the dual process model of coping with bereavement. Death Study, 31(6), 505–53.
Caserta, M. S., Lund, D. A., Utz, R. L., & Tabler, J. L. (2016). “One size doesn’t fit all” partners in hospice care, an individualized approach to bereavement intervention. Omega, 73(2), 107–125.
Cassaretto, M., & Martínez, P. (2012). Razones para vivir en jóvenes adultos: Validación del RFL-YA. Revista de Psicología, 30(1), 169–188.
Castelnovo, A., Cavallotti, S., Gambini, O., & D’Agostino, A. (2015). Post-bereavement hallucinatory experiences: A critical overview of population and clinical studies. Journal of Affective Disorder, 186, 266–274.
Cooper, C. E. (2013). Postdeath experiences and the emotion of hope. Journal for Spiritual and Consciousness Studies, 36, 2428.
Cooper, C. E., Roe, C. A., & Mitchell, G. (2015). Spontaneous postdeath events: A natural process of coping and hoping. Paper presented at the BPS Transpersonal Psychology Section’s 19th Annual Conference, Cober Hill, Scarborough, UK.
Cozza, S.J., Fisher, J.E., Mauro, C., Zhou, J., Ortiz, C.D., Skritskaya, N., Shear, M.K., (2016). Performance of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder criteria in a community sample of bereaved military family members. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 919–929.
Crowther, M., Parker, M., Larimore, W., Achenbaum, A., & Koenig, H. (2002). Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited: Spirituality the missing construct. The Gerontologist, 42, 613-620.
Drewry, D. (2002). Purported after-death communication and its role in the recovery of bereaved individuals: A phenomenological study. Disertación doctoral no publicada, California Institute for Human Science, Encinitas, CA.
Evenden, R.E., Cooper, C.E. & Mitchell.G. (2013). A counselling approach to mediumship: Adaptive outcomes of grief following an exceptional experience. Journal of Exceptional Experiences and Psychology, 1, 12 19.
Field, N.P., Filanosky, C., (2010). Continuing bonds, risk factors for complicated grief, and adjustment to bereavement. Death Studies, 34(1), 1–29.
Field, N.P., Packman, W., Ronen, R., Pries, A., Davies, B., & Kramer, R. (2013). Type of continuing bonds expression and its comforting versus distressing nature: implicationsfor adjustment among bereaved mothers. Death Studies, 37 (10), 889–912.
Fields, J., & Casper, L. M. (2001). America’s families and living arrangements: March 2000 [Current Population Reports, P20–537]. US Census Bureau.
Gamba-Collazos, H.A. Navia Arroyo, C.E. (2017). Adaptación del Inventario de Duelo Complicado en población colombiana. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 26, 15-30.
Geddes, G., Ehlers, A., Freeman, D., (2016). Hallucinations in the months after a trauma: an investigation of the role of cognitive processing of a physical assault in the occurrence of hallucinatory experiences. Psychiatry Research, 246, 601–605.
Grimby, A. (1993). Bereavement among elderly people: Grief reactions, post-bereavement hallucinations and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 72-80.
Grimby, A. (1998). Hallucinations following death of a spouse. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 4(1), 65–74.
Hayes, J., Leudar, I., (2016). Experiences of continued presence: on the practical consequences of ‘hallucinations’ in bereavement. Psychological Psychotherapy, 89(2), 194–210.
Hayes, J., Steffen, E., (2018). Working with welcome and unwelcome presence in grief. In: Klass, D., Steffen, E. (Eds.), Continuing Bonds in Bereavement: New Directions for Research and Practice. Routledge.
Herth, K. (1991). Development and refinement or an instrument to measure hope. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 5(1), 39-51.
Houck, J., (2005). The universal, multiple, and exclusive experiences of after-death communication. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 24(2), 117–127.
Kamp, K., O'Connor, M., Spindler, H., & Moskowitz, A., (2019). Bereavement hallucinationsafter the loss of a spouse: associations with psychopathological measures, personality and coping style. Death Study, 43(4), 260-269.
Keen, C., Murray, C., & Payne, S., (2013). Sensing the presence of the deceased: a narrativereview.Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 16 (4), 384–402.
Kersting, A. (2004). The psychodynamics of grief hallucinations –A psychopathological phenomenon of normal and pathological grief. Psychopathology, 37(1), 50–51.
Knight, M.T. (2011). Ways of Being: The alchemy of bereavement and communique. Tesis Doctoral No Publicada, University of Sydney.
LaGrand, L. (2001). Gifts from the unknown.New York: Authors Choice Press.
Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., O'Connor, M., (2017). Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Affective Disorder, 212, 138–149.
Naef, R., Ward, R., Mahrer-Imhof, R., Grande, G. (2013).Characteristics of the bereavement experience of older persons after spousal loss: An integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 1108–1121.
Nekolaichuk, C., & Jevrie, R. F. (2002). Hope and research. En R. F. Jevne (Ed.) Hope in practice: Selected conversations (pp. 4 21). Hope Foundation of Alberta.
Nielsen, T., (2007). Felt presence: paranoid delusion or hallucinatory social imagery. Conscious.Cognition, 16(4), 975–983.
Parker, J.S. (2004). After death communication experiences and adaptive outcomes of grief. Tesis doctoral no publicada. Saybrook Graduate School.
Parra, A. (2007) ¿Es la alucinación una experiencia normal?: Una evaluación dimensional de la experiencia alucinatoria en individuos no-psicóticos. Actualidad Psicológica, 32 (359), 20-24.
Parra, A. (2014). Alucinaciones: ¿Experiencia o Trastorno? Teseo/Colección UAI.
Peterson, B. (2001). Psychology and ghosts: A historical review and phenomenological analysis of apparitions in the context of mourning. Disertación doctoral: Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology.
Pierre, J.M., (2010). Hallucinations in non-psychotic disorders: Toward a differential diagnosis of “hearing voices”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 18, 22–35.
Preti, A., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M.B.L., Siddi, S., Cella, M., Masala, C., Carta, M.G., (2014). Prevalence and dimensionality of hallucination-like experiences in young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(4), 826–836.
Prigerson, H., & Maclejewskib, P.K. (1995). Inventory of Complicated Grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59, 65-79.
Rand. K. & Cheavens, J. (2009). Hope theory. En C. Snyder, P. & S. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 323-333). Oxford University Press.
Rees, D. (1971). The hallucinations of widowhood. British Medical Journal, 4, 37 41.
Sanger, M., (2009). When clients sense the presence of loved ones who have died. Omega, 59(1), 69–89.
Schut, H., Stroebe, M., van den Bout, J. (2013). Complicated grief: Scientific foundations for health care professionals. Taylor and Francis, Florence.
Simon, N.M., Wall, M.M., Keshaviah, A., Dryman, M.T., LeBlanc, N.J., Shear, M.K., (2011). Informing the symptom profile of complicated grief. Depression & Anxiety 28(2), 118–126.
Snyder, C.R. (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic Press.
Solomonova, E., Frantova, E., & Nielsen, T. (2011). Felt presence: the uncanny encounters with the numinous other. Journal of Knowledge, Culture and. Communication, 26(2), 171–178.
Steffen, E. & Coyle, A., (2010). Can “sense of presence” experiences in bereavement be conceptualised as spiritual phenomena. Mental Health Religion and Culture,13 (3),273–291.
Steffen, E. (2011). Sense of presence experiences and their role in meaning making processes following bereavement. Tesis doctoral no publicada, University of Surrey.
Steffen, E., Coyle, A., (2011). Sense of presence experiences and meaning-making in bereavement: a qualitative analysis. Death Studies, 35(7), 579–609.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2010). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 61, 273–289.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., (2015). Family matters in bereavement: toward an integrative intrainterpersonal coping model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 873–879.
Waskowic, T.D. & Chartier, B.M. (2003). Attachment and the experience of grief following the loss of a spouse. Omega, 47(1), 77–91.