Programas de Habilidades Socioemocionales para Adolescentes de Secundaria: Una Revisión Sistemática de Artículos Publicados Entre 2013 y 2023
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Esta revisión sistemática buscó sintetizar y describir las principales características y resultados de los programas de desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales aplicados en escuelas secundarias, o equivalentes en otros países, con adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años. La revisión fue realizada por pares siguiendo el método PRISMA 2020. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: PubMed, MedLine, SciELO y Lilacs, considerando publicaciones entre 2013 y 2023. Inicialmente se identificaron 1.290 registros y se incluyeron 10 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios fueron analizados según sus objetivos, diseño metodológico, enfoque y características teóricas, estrategias y principales resultados. Los resultados mostraron amplia variedad de características y estrategias del programa, con diferentes criterios para evaluar los resultados post-intervención. En el 70% de los estudios, las intervenciones duraron menos de un año escolar, con un número de reuniones de entre 8 y 26 sesiones (80% con reuniones semanales). El 70% de las intervenciones fueron facilitadas por profesores de la escuela y el 80% utilizó medios interactivos y estrategias experienciales. Todos los estudios adoptaron un método de investigación cuantitativa con mediciones previas y posteriores a la intervención utilizando instrumentos variados. La mayoría (70%) tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad y los efectos de las intervenciones; sólo dos estudios (20%) realizaron un seguimiento después de seis meses de finalizar la intervención. Los estudios demuestran que las intervenciones escolares sobre habilidades socioemocionales son estrategias válidas para promover la salud mental en adolescentes de secundaria. Se indica la necesidad de futuros estudios para verificar la eficacia y efectividad de los programas, consolidando intervenciones flexibles para atender las especificidades de diferentes poblaciones, contextos y culturas y que cuenten con criterios estructurados para evaluar sus resultados.
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