Does Muscle Dysmorphy Predict Exercise Dependence and Orthorexia in Brazilian Exercise Practitioners?
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the predictive role of muscle dysmorphia symptoms in exercise addiction and orthorexia in 158 Brazilian exercise practitioners (running = 38, crossfit = 85, bodybuilding = 35) of both sexes (women = 81, men = 77), with a mean age of 31.59 years (± 7.99) and experience of 4.5 years (± 5.27). The Dedication to Exercise Scale, the Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Orthorexia, and the Complex in Adonis Questionnaire were used. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis (p < .05). It was found that the muscle dysmorphia symptoms predicted positively exercise addiction (β = .51, p < .001) and negatively orthorexia (β = -.19, p < .01), and it is important to discuss the issue with physical exercise practitioners in order to minimize the prevalence and deleterious effects associated with this psychological disorder.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright to articles published in The Journal Of Psychology: Theory and Practice belongs to the authors, who grant Mackenzie Presbyterian University the not exclusive rights to publish the content.
References
Almeida, C., Borba, V. V., & Santos, L. (2018). Orthorexia nervosa in a sample of Portuguese fitness participants. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23, 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0517-y
Badenes-Ribera, L., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2019). The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.44
Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., van de Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., Rácmolnár, L., De Luca I., Cinosi, E., Santacroce, R., Marini, M., Wellsted, D., Sullivan, K., Bersani, G., & Martinotti, G. (2019). The emergence of exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study. PloS One, 14(4), e0213060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
Di Lodovico, L., Poulnais, S., & Gorwood, P. (2019). Which sports are more at risk of physical exercise addiction: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 93, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.030
Dunn, T. M., & Bratman, S. (2016). On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria. Eating Behaviors, 21, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006
Fortes, L. de S., Filgueiras, J. F., Oliveira, F. da C., Almeida, S. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2016). Modelo etiológico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 32(4), e000024115. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00024115
Freire, G. L. M., Paulo, J. R. da S., Silva, A. A. da, Batista, R. P. R., Alves, J. F. N., & Nascimento, J. R. A. do, Junior. (2020). Body dissatisfaction, addiction to exercise and risk behaviour for eating disorders among exercise practitioners. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00300-9
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S., Hackett, D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., & O’Connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47, 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., Mitchison, D., & Mond, J. M. (2017). The transition from thinness-oriented to muscularity-oriented disordered eating in adolescent males: A clinical observation. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), 353–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.014
Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 2(4), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.001
Schneider, C., Agthe, M., Yanagida, T., Voracek, M., & Hennig-Fast, K. (2017). Effects of muscle dysmorphia, social comparisons and body schema priming on desire for social interaction: An experimental approach. BMC Psychology, 5, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0189-9
Segura-García, C., Papaianni, M. C., Caglioti, F., Procopio, L., Nisticò, C. G., Bombardiere, L., Ammendolia, A., Rizza, P., De Fazia, P., & Capranica, L. (2012). Orthorexia nervosa: A frequent eating disordered behavior in athletes. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 17(4), e226–e233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22361450/
Soler, P. T., Fernandes, H. M., Damasceno, V. O., & Novaes, J. S. (2013). Vigorexy and levels of exercise dependence in gym goers and bodybuilders. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 19(5), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922013000500009
Trott, M., Jackson, S. E., Firth, J., Fisher, A., Johnstone, J., Mistry, A., Stubbs, B., & Smith, L. (2020). Exercise addiction prevalence and correlates in the absence of eating disorder symptomology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(6), e321–e329. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000664
Waldorf, M., Vocks, S., Düsing, R., Bauer, A., & Cordes, M. (2019). Body-oriented gaze behaviors in men with muscle dysmorphia diagnoses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(2), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000403
White, M., Berry, R., & Rodgers, R. F. (2020). Body image and body change behaviors associated with orthorexia symptoms in males. Body Image, 34, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.003