Vegetarian diet in pregnancy and impact on the maternal and fetal organism
a literature review
Keywords:
Vegetarianismo, Gestação, Gravidez, Nutrição, Período gestacionalAbstract
Introduction: During pregnancy, nutritional needs are increased due to fetal development. Therefore, it is interesting to question dietary restrictions, such as vegetarianism, safety for pregnant women and fetuses. Objective: To discuss possible changes in vegetarian diets in pregnancy and to list nutritional deficiencies caused by these diets in pregnancy. Methodology: The study was conducted through bibliographic research in national and international journals indexed in the Capes, Scielo and Science Direct databases from 2009 to 2019. Use the keywords in science and health: vegetarian diet; nutritional deficiencies; Vitamins and pregnancy. Results: Please note that vegetarian pregnant women are more susceptible to nutrient deficiency - particularly iron, folic acid and vitamin b12, or may lead to anemia, miscarriage, congenital anomalies, neurological disorders, preeclampsia, premature birth and low birth weight. Conclusion: Thus, a vegetarian diet in pregnancy should be professionally monitored, allowing to offer an adequate nutritional adjustment, considering the risks exposed and pregnant women.
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References
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25. SOUCCAR, T. Grossesse: pourquoi et comment ne pasmanquer de zinc?Janvier. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.thierrysouccar.com/nutrition/info/grossesse-pourquoi-et-comment-ne-pas-manquer-de-zinc-2311.
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28. WATANABE, F. YABUTA, Y. BITO, T. et al. Vitamin B12 - Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians. Nutrients. 2014. doi: 10.3390/nu6051861.
29. WINSTON, C. ANN, RM. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027.
2. ANNE, M. MOLLOY, PN. KIRKE, LC. et al. Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant and child development. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2008, 29(2), p101- 111. DOI: 10.1177/15648265080292S114
3. BRANDÃO, AHF. CABRAL, MA. CABRAL, ACV. Asuplementação de ferro na gravidez: orientações atuais. Femina;39(5). Maio, 2011. Disponível em: http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0100-7254/2011/v39n5/a2524.pdf.
4. BRIAN, TW. WU, SM. INNIS, KA. et al. Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with a lower pregnancy-associated rise in plasma choline in Canadian pregnant women and lower postnatal growth rates in their male infants. The AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013, p1209-1217. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.060269.
5. CHERON, G. Carencesen vitamine B12 chez le nouveau-né de mère. Végétarienne. Journées de TechniquesAvancées. 2013. Disponível em https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01412358/document.
6. DAPHNA, K. DROR, LH. Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms. Nutrition Reviews, 2008, 66(5), p250-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oncohp.2015.10.006.
7. DUGGAN, C. SRINIVASAN, K. THOMAS, T. et al. Vitamin B12 Supplementation during Pregnancy and Early Lactation Increases Maternal Breast Milk ans Infant Measures of Vitamin B12 Status. The Journal of Nutrition, 2014, 144, p758-764. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.187278.
8. ELMADFA, I. SINGER, I. Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May; 89(5). doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736Y.
9. HORDE, P. Vitamine B12, analyse de sang. JournaldesFemmes. Santé. Novembro, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.vitamine-b12.net/grossesse-allaitement/.
10. IBOPE, 2018. PESQUISA DE OPINIÃO PÚBLICA SOBRE VEGETARIANISMO. Disponível em: http://www.svb.org.br/images/Documentos/JOB_0416_VEGETARIANISMO.pdf.
11. INSTITUT NATIONAL DE PRÉVENTION ET D’EDUCATION POUR LA SANTÉ (INPES). Guide Nutrition de la Grossesse. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.mangerbouger.fr/pro/IMG/pdf/Livret_accompagnement_grossesse.pdf.
12. NGUYEN, VQ. GOTO, A. NGUYEN, TVT. Prevalence and correlates of zinc deficiency in pregnant Vietnamese women in Ho Chi Minh City. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013, 22(4), p614-619. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.4.05.
13. Nutri-facts, Tout sur les vitamines et plus. Zinc. Disponível em www.nutri_facts.org/fra/oligoelements/zinc/en_bref.
14. PAWLAK, R. PARROTT, S.J. RAJ, S. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr. Rev. 2013; 71:110–117. doi: 10.1111/nure.12001.
15. PICOLLI, R. CLARI, FN. VIGOTTI, F. Vegan-vegetarian diets in pregnancy: danger or panacea? A systematic narrative review. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2015. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13280.
16. PISTOLLATO, F. SUMALLA, S. ELIO, I. et al. Plant-Based and Plant-Rich Diet Patterns during Gestation: Beneficial Effects and Possible Shortcomings. Adv. Nutr. An. Int. Rev. J. 2015. 6, 581–591. doi: 10.3945/an.115.009126.
17. ROGNE, T., TIELEMANS M. J., CHONG M.F., et al. Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy with the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data e [24]. Am J Epidemiol. 2017. doi: 10.1093/aje/kww212.
18. RIZZO, G. LAGANÀ, AS. RAPISARDA, AMC. et al. Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients. 2016 Dec; 8(12): 767. doi: 10.3390/nu8120767.
19. RIZZO, G. LAGANÀ, AS. RAPISARDA, AMC. et al. Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients. 2016 Dec; 8(12): 767. doi: 10.3390/nu8120767.
20. ROLA, C. Vegetarianismo e Comportamento Alimentar. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa. 2015. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/27280.
21. RUFENACH, AP. CASINI, N. JUNOD, PK. Samii, Déficit en vitamine B12.HôpitauxUniversitaires de Genève, Décembre 2011. Disponível em https://www.hug-ge.ch/sites/interhug/files/structures/medecine_de_premier_recours/Strategies/strategie_vit_b12.pdf.
22. SEBASTIANI, G. BARBERO, AH. BORRÁS-NOVELL, C. et al. The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring. Nutrients. 2019 Mar; 11(3): 557. doi: 10.3390/nu11030557.
23. SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA VEGETARIANA (SBV) - 2017 Disponível em: https://www.svb.org.br/vegetarianismo1.
24. STUEBE, AM. OKEN, E. GILLMAN, MW. Associations of diet and physical activity during pregnancy with risk for excessive gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Julho, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.025.
25. SOUCCAR, T. Grossesse: pourquoi et comment ne pasmanquer de zinc?Janvier. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.thierrysouccar.com/nutrition/info/grossesse-pourquoi-et-comment-ne-pas-manquer-de-zinc-2311.
26. TEIXEIRA, D. PESTANA, D CALHAU, C. Alimentação e Nutrição na Gravidez. Programa Nacional para a Promoção da AlimentaçãoSaudável. Lisboa. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.alimentacaosaudavel.dgs.pt/activeapp/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Alimentação-e-Nutrição-na-Gravidez.pdf.
27. VANNUCCHI, H. MONTEIRO, TH. TAKEUCHI, PL. Cobalamina (vitamina b12). ILSI Brasil-International Life Sciences. São Paulo. 2017. Disponível em: https://ilsibrasil.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/07/Fasc%C3%ADculo-COBALAMINA.pdf.
28. WATANABE, F. YABUTA, Y. BITO, T. et al. Vitamin B12 - Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians. Nutrients. 2014. doi: 10.3390/nu6051861.
29. WINSTON, C. ANN, RM. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027.
