Associação entre sintomas de depressão pós-parto e qualidade da relação de apego mãe-bebê
Palabras clave:
depresión posparto, relación madre-bebé, apego, desarrollo infantilResumen
Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la asociación entre el informe materno de los síntomas de depresión posparto y la calidad de la relación emocional temprana entre las madres y su bebé. Veintitrés madres con bebés de 6 meses a 1 año, participaron en este estudio transversal. Las madres completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Depresión Postparto de Edimburgo y la Escala de Vinculación Madre Postnatal. Se observó una correlación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre los síntomas de depresión posparto y la calidad del vínculo emocional madre-bebé (- .68; p < .001). Más específicamente, el estudio mostró que los síntomas más altos de depresión posparto se asociaron con menos aceptación (- .59; p = .003) y tolerancia (- .44; p = .035) con el bebé, y un menor sentido de competencia (- .59; p = .003) reportado por las madres, corroborando la hipótesis de que las madres deprimidas muestran relaciones de apego de menor calidad con sus bebés.
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AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. DSM-5: Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais. Artmed Editora, 2014.
BONFIM, I. G. et al. Apoio matricial em saúde mental na atenção primária à saúde: uma análise da produção científica e documental. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, v. 17, n. 45, p.287-300, jun. 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-32832013005000012.
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BOWLBY. Apego. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1984.
COHEN, J.. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin,, v. 1, n. 112, p.155, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
CONDON, J. T.; CORKINDALE, C. J.. The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, v. 16, n. 1, p.57-76, fev. 1998. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558.
COX, J. L.; HOLDEN, J. M.; SAGOVSKY, R.. Detection of postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, v. 150, n. 6, p.782-786, jun. 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
FIELD, T. Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review. Infant Behavior and Development, v. 33, n. 1, p.1-6, fev. 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005.
GAVIN, N. I. et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 106, n. 51, p.1071-1083, nov. 2005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000183597.31630.db.
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KONRADT, C. E. et al. Depressão pós-parto e percepção de suporte social durante a gestação. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, v. 33, n. 2, p.76-79, jul. 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81082011005000010.
LOBATO, G.; MORAES, C. L.; REICHENHEIM, M. Magnitude da depressão pós-parto no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, v. 11, n. 4, p.369-379, dez. 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292011000400003.
MALPHURS, J. et al. Touch by intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms. Infant and Child Development, v. 5, n. 2, p.111-115, jun. 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199606)5:2<111::AID-EDP122>3.0.CO;2-%23
MANTIS, I. et al. Depressed and non-depressed mothers’ touching during social interactions with their infants. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, v. 35, p.57-65, fev. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.005.
MARTIN, D. et al. Significado da busca de tratamento por mulheres com transtorno depressivo atendidas em serviço de saúde público. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, v. 16, n. 43, p.885-899, dez. 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-32832012000400003.
MCMAHON, C. A. et al. Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, v. 47, n. 7, p.660-669, jul. 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01547.x.
MOEHLER, E. et al. Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother-child bonding. Archives of Women's Mental Health, v. 9, n. 5, p.273-278, set. 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-006-0149-5.
MORAIS, M. L. S. et al. Fatores psicossociais e sociodemográficos associados à depressão pós-parto: um estudo em hospitais público e privado da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudos de Psicologia, v. 20, n. 1, p.40-50, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-4669.20150006.
MURRAY, L. The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, v. 33, n. 3, p.543-561, mar. 1992. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x.
MURRAY, L.; COOPER, P. J. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Archives of Disease in Childhood, v. 77, n. 2, p.99-101, ago. 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.77.2.99.
MURRAY, L. et al. The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Development, v. 67, n. 5, p.2512-2526, out. 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131637.
O’HARA, M. W. Postpartum depression: what we know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, v. 65, n. 12, p.1258-1269, dez. 2009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20644.
O’HARA, M. W.; MCCABE, J. E. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, v. 9, n. 1, p.379-407, mar. 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612.
O’HARA, M. W.; SWAIN, A. M. Rates and risk of postpartum depression- a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, v. 8, n. 1, p.37-54, jan. 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269609037816.
O’HARA, M. W.; WISNER, K. L. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, v. 28, n. 1, p.3-12, jan. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002.
RIGHETTI-VELTEMA, M.; BOUSQUET, A.; MANZANO, J. Impact of postpartum depressive symptoms on mother and her 18-month-old infant. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, v. 12, n. 2, p.75-83, abr. 2003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-0311-9.
SANTOS, I. S. et al. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 23, n. 11, p.2577-2588, nov. 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001100005.
SCHWENGBER, D. D. S.; PICCININI, C. A. O impacto da depressão pós-parto para a interação mãe-bebê. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), v. 8, n. 3, p.403-411, jan. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2003000300007
SEGRE, L. S. et al. The prevalence of postpartum depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, v. 42, n. 4, p.316-321, fev. 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1.
SLOMIAN, J. et al. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, v. 15, jan. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745506519844044.
WATERS, E. et al. Bowlby’s secure base theory and the social/personality psychology of attachment styles: work(s) in progress. Attachment & Human Development, v. 4, n. 2, p.230-242, set. 2002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730210154216.
WOLFF, M. S.; VAN IJZENDOORN, M. H. Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, v. 68, n. 4, p.571-591, ago. 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x.
WOODY, C. et al. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, v. 219, p.86-92, set. 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. DSM-5: Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais. Artmed Editora, 2014.
BONFIM, I. G. et al. Apoio matricial em saúde mental na atenção primária à saúde: uma análise da produção científica e documental. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, v. 17, n. 45, p.287-300, jun. 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-32832013005000012.
BORSA, J. B.; DIAS, A. C.. Relação mãe e bebê: as expectativas e vivências do puerpério. Revista Perspectiva, v. 28, n. 102, p.39-53, 2014.
BOWLBY. Apego. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1984.
COHEN, J.. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin,, v. 1, n. 112, p.155, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
CONDON, J. T.; CORKINDALE, C. J.. The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, v. 16, n. 1, p.57-76, fev. 1998. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646839808404558.
COX, J. L.; HOLDEN, J. M.; SAGOVSKY, R.. Detection of postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, v. 150, n. 6, p.782-786, jun. 1987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
FIELD, T. Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review. Infant Behavior and Development, v. 33, n. 1, p.1-6, fev. 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005.
GAVIN, N. I. et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 106, n. 51, p.1071-1083, nov. 2005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000183597.31630.db.
GEMIGNANI, T.; MATEUS, V.; OSÓRIO, A. Escala de Ligação Materna Pós-natal [instrumento de medida]. Manuscrito não publicado, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brasil, 2019.
GOODMAN, J. H.. Postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, v. 33, n. 4, p.410-420, jul. 2004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884217504266915.
HAMMERTON, G. et al. Association between maternal depression symptoms across the first eleven years of their child’s life and subsequent offspring suicidal ideation. Plos One, v. 10, n. 7, jul. 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131885.
HERRERA, E.; REISSLAND, N.; SHEPHERD, J. Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period. Journal of Affective Disorders, v. 81, n. 1, p.29-39, jul. 2004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.001.
KONRADT, C. E. et al. Depressão pós-parto e percepção de suporte social durante a gestação. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, v. 33, n. 2, p.76-79, jul. 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81082011005000010.
LOBATO, G.; MORAES, C. L.; REICHENHEIM, M. Magnitude da depressão pós-parto no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, v. 11, n. 4, p.369-379, dez. 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292011000400003.
MALPHURS, J. et al. Touch by intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms. Infant and Child Development, v. 5, n. 2, p.111-115, jun. 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199606)5:2<111::AID-EDP122>3.0.CO;2-%23
MANTIS, I. et al. Depressed and non-depressed mothers’ touching during social interactions with their infants. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, v. 35, p.57-65, fev. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.005.
MARTIN, D. et al. Significado da busca de tratamento por mulheres com transtorno depressivo atendidas em serviço de saúde público. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, v. 16, n. 43, p.885-899, dez. 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-32832012000400003.
MCMAHON, C. A. et al. Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, v. 47, n. 7, p.660-669, jul. 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01547.x.
MOEHLER, E. et al. Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother-child bonding. Archives of Women's Mental Health, v. 9, n. 5, p.273-278, set. 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-006-0149-5.
MORAIS, M. L. S. et al. Fatores psicossociais e sociodemográficos associados à depressão pós-parto: um estudo em hospitais público e privado da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudos de Psicologia, v. 20, n. 1, p.40-50, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-4669.20150006.
MURRAY, L. The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, v. 33, n. 3, p.543-561, mar. 1992. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x.
MURRAY, L.; COOPER, P. J. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Archives of Disease in Childhood, v. 77, n. 2, p.99-101, ago. 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.77.2.99.
MURRAY, L. et al. The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Development, v. 67, n. 5, p.2512-2526, out. 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131637.
O’HARA, M. W. Postpartum depression: what we know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, v. 65, n. 12, p.1258-1269, dez. 2009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20644.
O’HARA, M. W.; MCCABE, J. E. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, v. 9, n. 1, p.379-407, mar. 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612.
O’HARA, M. W.; SWAIN, A. M. Rates and risk of postpartum depression- a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, v. 8, n. 1, p.37-54, jan. 1996. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269609037816.
O’HARA, M. W.; WISNER, K. L. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, v. 28, n. 1, p.3-12, jan. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002.
RIGHETTI-VELTEMA, M.; BOUSQUET, A.; MANZANO, J. Impact of postpartum depressive symptoms on mother and her 18-month-old infant. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, v. 12, n. 2, p.75-83, abr. 2003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-0311-9.
SANTOS, I. S. et al. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in a sample of mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 23, n. 11, p.2577-2588, nov. 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001100005.
SCHWENGBER, D. D. S.; PICCININI, C. A. O impacto da depressão pós-parto para a interação mãe-bebê. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), v. 8, n. 3, p.403-411, jan. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2003000300007
SEGRE, L. S. et al. The prevalence of postpartum depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, v. 42, n. 4, p.316-321, fev. 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1.
SLOMIAN, J. et al. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, v. 15, jan. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745506519844044.
WATERS, E. et al. Bowlby’s secure base theory and the social/personality psychology of attachment styles: work(s) in progress. Attachment & Human Development, v. 4, n. 2, p.230-242, set. 2002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730210154216.
WOLFF, M. S.; VAN IJZENDOORN, M. H. Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, v. 68, n. 4, p.571-591, ago. 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x.
WOODY, C. et al. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, v. 219, p.86-92, set. 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003.
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