Aplicabilidade da Estimulação Elétrica Funcional nas Diferentes Disfunções Motoras de Origem Neurológica: Uma Revisão Narrativa
Palavras-chave:
Estimulação elétrica, Eletroterapia, Transtornos das habilidades motoras, Prática clínica baseada em evidências, Procedimento terapêuticoResumo
A eletroestimulação funcional (Functional Electrical Stimulation – FES) tem se tornado uma importante intervenção para recuperação da estrutura e função muscular, promovendo contrações com potencial de gerar movimentos funcionais, como utilizar uma caneta para escrever, levar um copo d’água à boca e até mesmo caminhar. Embora haja uma vasta evidência acerca dos benefícios da FES, faz-se necessário compreender sua aplicação nas diferentes disfunções motoras, assim como os parâmetros utilizados em cada uma delas. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura as aplicabilidades da FES nas diferentes disfunções motoras de origem neurológica. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa baseada numa ampla busca nas bases de dados de estudos realizados com a utilização da FES em diferentes disfunções motoras, independentemente da patologia. Foram encontradas diversas possibilidades de uso da FES, sendo estruturadas neste estudo partindo das informações gerais sobre FES, desde os equipamentos e suas programações, instalação e tipos de eletrodos, frequência, largura de pulso e tempo de aplicação; FES para disfunções do membro superior e inferior hemi/ paraparético; e FES nos transtornos de movimento. Frequentemente encontrada como ferramenta para reabilitação de pessoas com acidente vascular cerebral, paralisia cerebral e lesão medular, este artigo aborda informações sobre a forma e a segurança na aplicação da FES. No entanto, os estudos publicados possuem baixo tamanho amostral e qualidade metodológica para indicação clínica. Ensaios clínicos randomizados mais robustos são imprescindíveis para fortalecer as indicações da FES, além de evidenciar a importância dessa abordagem tanto de forma isolada quanto de forma conjunta na utilização de órteses estáticas ou dinâmicas. A FES pode ser uma valiosa aliada na reabilitação de disfunções motoras.
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