Asociación Entre Pasión y Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el Deporte: Una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura
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La pasión y las necesidades psicológicas básicas se identifican como factores determinantes para las experiencias exitosas en el deporte, tanto en la iniciación deportiva como en el nivel de élite. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar sistemáticamente la literatura sobre estudios que investigan las asociaciones entre la pasión y las necesidades psicológicas básicas en el contexto deportivo entre atletas. Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas: PubMed, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scielo, PsycInfo, Lilacs y Periódicos Capes. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: Passion, Dualistic Model Passion, Basic Psychological Needs, Self-determination Theory, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Basic Psychological Needs Frustration, Sport, Athlete, Athletic, para desarrollar estrategias de búsqueda en las diferentes bases de datos. La revisión incluyó 12 estudios publicados entre 2013 y 2022, utilizando análisis cuantitativo (100%). Se observó que la investigación se concentró en Europa (50%) y América del Norte (50%). Los resultados mostraron que la pasión y las necesidades psicológicas básicas se asociaron con aspectos emocionales positivos (satisfacción vital, regulación motivacional, logro de metas, reflexión, identidad atlética y académica, motivación intrínseca), negativos (agotamiento profesional, problemas de concentración, conflictos entre el deporte y otras áreas de la vida) y físicos (rendimiento, práctica deliberada y calidad de la preparación). Se concluyó que la pasión armoniosa y la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas parecen contribuir a la satisfacción vital, la práctica deliberada y el rendimiento en los atletas. Por el contrario, la pasión obsesiva se asoció con una menor satisfacción vital, motivación controlada y agotamiento profesional.
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