Impacto de la Exposición a Comunidades en Línea Pro-Trastornos Alimentarios: Revisión Integrativa
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Actualmente, se nota una creciente preocupación por la proliferación de sitios web vinculados al movimiento proanorexia/probulimia, que defienden los trastornos alimentarios como estilo de vida. Esta revisión integrativa tuvo como objetivo analizar la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica sobre los impactos de la exposición a comunidades virtuales pro-trastornos alimentarios en el comportamiento alimentario de sus usuarios. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL/EBSCO y LILACS, en el período 2013-2023. De un total de 1370 artículos originalmente recuperados, se seleccionaron 10 estudios primarios de seis países diferentes, comprendiendo un total de 20,266 participantes adolescentes/jóvenes/adultos, en su mayoría mujeres. Los resultados muestran predominio de estudios transversales con enfoque cualitativo. La exposición de los usuarios a contenidos producidos en plataformas digitales que enfatizan el ideal de extrema delgadez está relacionada con sus probables diagnósticos de trastornos de la alimentación. La motivación para el compromiso en estas redes sociales consiste en la búsqueda de acogida, un sentido de pertenencia y protección contra la estigmatización social, especialmente para usuarios con trastorno activo. En relación con los impactos en el bienestar de los usuarios, los resultados señalan un posible recrudecimiento en la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, pero también destacan la influencia de los grupos virtuales en el proceso de recuperación, en la medida en que la adhesión a las comunidades virtuales otorga a sus miembros una posición de agencia personal. Se detectaron limitaciones y lagunas en la investigación con enfoque cualitativo y en los estudios en el contexto brasileño/latinoamericano.
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